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Ordo Draconum
The Order OF THE DRAGONS (Latin: "Societas Draconistrarum", lit. "Band of the Dragonists") was a monarchical chivalric order for confident gallantry, founded in 1408 by Sigismund, King of Hungary (r. 1387-1437) and concluding Spiritual Roman Ruler (r. 1433-1437). It was formed behindhand the military information of the Crusades, requiring its initiates to assert the grumpy and scrap the enemies of Christianity, in convinced the Ottoman Turks.
The Order flourished concerning the first short of the 15th century, primarily in Germany and Italy. In the past Sigismund's death in 1437 its standpoint declined in Western Europe, but behindhand the Sneak of Constantinople of 1453, it continued to deed a task in Hungary and Croatia, Bosnia, Bulgaria, Serbia and Romania, which disgust the bearing of the Ottoman incursions.
Vlad Tepes, the figurine who emotional "Dracula", was a supporter of the Order, as well as his flinch, Vlad Dracul I.
Elapsed Information
Observation sword of the Order, c. 1433, displayed at the Neue Burg, Vienna.Principal articles: Sigismund, Spiritual Roman Ruler and War of Nicopolis
Sigismund faced fiercely struggles for power leading up to the establishment of the order in 1408. In 1387, the Bohemian turmoil son Sigismund of Luxembourg was unrestricted King of Hungary a appoint which he in arrears remarkably to his marriage to Ruler Mary of Hungary in 1385, deficient her authorization. Indoors the closest decade, he frequently sought after lean or employed vengeful methods to substantiation his wobbly hook on the throne. His command was weakened in 1395 with Mary, who was in the family way, died in an accident.["notes attractive"] In 1389, the Ottoman Sultan Murad I had turbulence Lazar, Prince of Serbia at the War of Kosovo Polje, in which apiece leaders died leading to an untrustworthy answer of the exploit. Two verve concluding, the Turks had hard-working the citadel of Nicopolis. In 1396, Pope Boniface IX proclaimed a determination opposed to the Ottomans, and a grudge was organised to regain the citadel and put a halt to the Ottoman slope. Sigismund was nominally in charge; on the other hand, in the 1396 War of Nicopolis the French controller, John of Nevers, commanded the French short of the forces and unseen Sigismund's entreaties by charging the Turks. Near here 15,000 crusaders died with decently a few leaders, and Sigismund, evasion. Sigismund returned to Hungary in 1401 and, mask a mass of revolts, more and more resumed appreciation and re-asserted himself as the King of Hungary. This was achieved by allying himself with the supporter party of Nicholas II Garay and Hermann II of Celje, in return for their military lean, which enabled him to scrap off breed rivals. Sigismund campaigned opposed to the Croats and Bosnians, which culminated in 1408 with the War of Dobor -- fought for the term of Bosnia -- and a butchery of illustrious families. His plan with Hermann II was fortified in 1408, with Sigismund wedded Herman II's outcome Barbara of Celje (also called Cilli).
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The initially Order, called the Untouchable Order of the Dragon of Saint George, was fashioned by Milos Obilic, the first Serbian to be dubbed a knight in the Order of Dragon. Milos Obilic fashioned his order with twelve other knights and the society had a lone signify["passage attractive"] at its center: The homicide of the Ottoman Sultan, Murad I. Milos Obilic achieved the aim of his cottage concerning the exploit of Kosovo Polje (June 15, 1389 ), with he was excellent to push himself concerning Murad's tent and seek the Sultan to death. All the initially supporter of the Dragon Order cut on the diverge of Kosovo piece for one, who survived to become the military tutor of the Serbian Prince, Stefan Lazarevic.
Backing AND Perform
On December 12, 1408, subsequent the War of Dobor opposed to the Christian heretics called Bogomils in which Sigismund slaughtered two hundred Bosnian noblemen. Abundant of the noblemen had fought the Turks. Sigismund and his queen, Barbara of Celje, founded the partnership accepted today as the Order of the Dragon. Its statutes, in print in Latin, howl it a society ("societas") whose members show off the "signum draconis" (see under), but identify no name to it. Current documents, on the other hand, forward to the order by a adapt of end if unverified names, such as "Gesellschaft mit dem Trakchen", "Divisa seu Societate Draconica", "Societate Draconica seu Draconistrarum" and "Fraternitas Draconum". It was to some measure modelled behindhand the earlier Hungarian monarchical order, the Order of St. George ("Societas militae Sancti Georgii"), founded by King Carol Robert of Anjou in 1318. The order adopted St. George as its patron saint, whose infamous take control of of a dragon was recycled as a symbol for the military and office customs of the order.
The decree of the Order, which was prolonged by Bishop Eberhard of Nagyvrad, chancellor of Sigismund's court, survives decently in a emerge ended in 1707. An compilation was published in 1841.[10] The introduction to these statutes of 1408 information that the society was created:"in line with the prelates, barons, and magnates of our state-run, whom we expect to have fun with us in this party, by aim of the sign and figure of our environmental leaning and mean to polish the deadly events of the self-same perilous Opponent, and of the partners of the ancient Dragon, and (as one would uncertain) of the pagan knights, schismatics, and other nations of the Usual believe, and live in desirous of the Flight of Christ, and of our kingdoms, and of his holy and nation religion of believe, under the banner of the award-winning Flight of Christ..."[11]
Described in existing expressions, the "other side" was any anti-Christian supporter power or group, and schismatic or actively nonconformist man countrymen or Europeans (such as the putatively "Christian" Bosnian Bogomil push alluded to director, at once previously the Order's establishment); but the principal congress of "the perilous Opponent" remained the Ottoman Turks, who continued to be suffering for Sigismund's successors.["passage attractive"] The Order's float up work out on queer coercion was also thought at achieving a level of breed unity. The statutes go on to typify the order's symbols of the ouroboros and the red grumpy, which were weather-beaten by its members and gave the order its production area (see under). They also list the two-sided obligations of the king and his nobles. The members were to swear sincerity to the king, queen and their far afield sons and to protect the turmoil interests. Boulton argues that "the Band of the Dragon was fondly deliberate to set free [...] as the institutional epitome of the turmoil group its founder had fashioned." In return for their services, the nobles possibly will uncertain to relish turmoil protection, honors and offices.
The creation of the order was an stretch within a obese shape of creation chivalric information concerning the 14th and primordial 15th centuries. Not intermittently sincere to organizing "crusades", even more behindhand the tragedy of the exploit of Nicopolis (1396). Sigismund's order was enormously emotional from the Order of Saint George of 1326. Innovative chief image may private been the Sicilian Order of the Exuberance, founded in 1381. A similar order founded behindhand the Order of the Dragon was the "Order of Calatrava", founded in 1409, also sincere to battling Turks.
Devotion
Pipo de Ozora, wall painting by Andrea del Castagno"Oswald von Wolkenstein - Representation from the Innsbrucker Handschrift", 1432 - trying the Order of the Dragon string
Members of the order, accepted as "Draconists", are referred to in the statutes as barons ("barones", from time to time "socii"). They were thoroughly Sigismund's supporter allies and cohorts, who were at first on the whole confined to the supporter factions of Stefan Lazar IV, Nicholas II Garay and Hermann II of Celje, and such magnates as Stibor of Stiboricz and Pipo of Ozora. The primary group of inductees for Sigismund's Order numbered 21 men, which stretched out to about 24 in 1418.
In the past some time, Sigismund chose to progress the defenses of the Order. A bulletin group of inductees was initiated between 1431-1437. As membership grew, the Order of the Dragon came to private two degrees. Hand over was a key class, which between 1408 and 1418 wore apiece the dragon and the grumpy as the Order's apex and a better elaborate version afterwards. The bulletin building block had a roomy mass of members, and its symbol was decently the dragon.["passage attractive"]
Following Sigismund's death in 1437, the Order lost movie star. Quiet, the covetable apex of the Order was retained on the shroud of arms of every Hungarian illustrious families, and Bthory, Bocskai, Bethlen, Szathmry and Rkczi.
Launch MEMBERS[Orderly Source Orderly]
The initially members of the Order of the Dragon in the creation charters of 1408 were:[12]
* Stephanus despoth, dominus Rasciae, item - Stefan Lazar IV, accepted also as Stevan the Elder (, 1374 - 19 July 1427), Serbian Prince (1389-1402) and Authoritarian (1402-1427)
* Hermannus comes Cily et Zagoriae,
* comes Fredericus, filius eiusdem,
* Nicolaus de gara, regni Hungariae palatinus,
* Stiborius de Stiboricz export vaiuoda Transyluanus,
* Joannes filius Henrici de Thamassy et
* Jacobus Laczk de Zantho, vaiuodae Transyluani,
* Joannes de Maroth Machouiensis,
* Pipo de Ozora Zewreniensis, bani;
* Nicolaus de Zeech magister tauernicorum regalium,
* comes Karolus de Corbauia, supremus thesaurarius regius,
* Symon filius condam Konye bani de Zecheen, janitorum,
* comes Joannes de Corbauia, dapiferorum,
* Joannes filius Georgii de Alsaan pincernarum,
* Petrus Cheh de Lewa aganzonum regalium magistri,
* Nicolaus de Chak, export vaiuoda Transyluanus,
* Paulus Byssenus, alter Paulus de Peth, pridem Dalmatiae, Croatiae et totius Sclauoniae regnorum bani,
* Michael, filius Salamonis de Nadasd comes siculorum regalium,
* Petrus de Peren, export siculorum nunc vero maramorossensis comes,
* Emericus de eadem Pern secretarius cancellarius regius
* et Joannes filius condam domini Nicolai de Gara palatini.
New INDUCTEES[Orderly Source Orderly]
Order of the Dragon on a medieval saddle
* Stibor de Beckov or Stibor II, son of Stibor of Stiboricz
* Hrvoje Vukcic Hrvatinic, Ban of Croatia and Majestic Duke of Bosnia[13]
* Vlad II Dracul (d. 1447), moreover Prince of Wallachia (Commence of Vlad III Dracula, AKA Vlad The Impaler)
* Oswald von Wolkenstein (d. 1445)[14]
* Vladislas II of Bohemia and Hungary (1456-1516)["notes attractive"]
* Unexpected allies, who did not swear an answer of loyalty:["notes attractive"]
* King Ladislaus II of Poland
* Majestic Duke Vytautas of Lithuania, Sigismund's principal brother-in-law
* Henry V of England
* members of Italian families, such as the Carrara, della Scala and leaders of Venezia, Padova and Verona
Impression OF THE Order AND New ARTIFACTS
Renewal of the order plot (I) based on undercurrent Austrian museum artifacts.
Renewal of the apex (II) based on the sketches in Austrian Museum custody; the initially badge is imaginary.
Discredit of Armaments of Serbian dictator Stefan Lazarevi with dragon curved persist in
The tidy of 1408 describes two motif to be weather-beaten by members of the Order:"... we and the muggy barons and magnates of our state-run shall transform and private, and do pilfer and force yourself to wear and transform, in the stance of society, the sign or figure of the DRAGON incurved concerning the form of a circle, its stem roundabout curved its neck, branched upfront the seat of its back throw down its extent from the top of its pointer entirely to the tip of its stem, with blood [forming] a RED Flight loose-fitting out concerning the closed in of the opening by a white smash into, oafish by blood, moral as and in the self-same way that live in who scrap under the banner of the exultant victim St George are hardened to transform a red grumpy on a white diverge..."[11]
The dragon described appearing in, with its stem arched curved its neck, bears analogy to the ouroboros.["passage attractive"] On the back of the dragon, from the concentrate of the neck to the stem, is the Red Flight of Saint George, with the finish image on an "argent" diverge. The Order's dragon apex has not survived in any initially form, but it has been referenced on hard cash, art, and in poetry.
A University of Bucharest memo to the initially tidy reads "O Quam Misericors est Deus, Pius et Justus" (O how kindly is God, muggy and moral), which may private been legally part of the apex.["passage attractive"] The various classes of the order had a insufficiently contrast of the dragon symbol. Regular changes included the especially of inscriptions like "O Quam Misericors est Deus" ("Oh, how kindly God is") and "Justus et Paciens" ("Flaxen and convict"). One of the height classes may private weather-beaten a necklace with a bar,["passage attractive"] epoch a time talent of Otto von Wolkenstein depicts unlike type of class contrast.[14]
Few historical artifacts of the Order now subsist. A emerge, dating to 1707, of the statutes of 1408 is the oldest accepted school merchandise of the society. In our time, accepted raw materials are archived within the University of Budapest.
REFERENCES
* ^ "A"B"C"Florescu and McNally, "Dracula, Prince of Abundant Faces". pp. 40-2.
* ^ "A"B"Milos Obili - Red Zmaja (deo prvi)". Scribd.com. 2013-03-23. Retrieved 2013-04-20.
* ^Van Antwerp Nice, John (1994). "The Overdue Medieval Balkans: A Critical Consider from the Overdue Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Defeat". University of Michigan Beg. ISBN 0-472-08260-4. accessdate= requires url= (help)
* ^Kostelski, Z. (1952). "The Yugoslavs: the history of the Yugoslavs and their states to the creation of Yugoslavia". Weighty Documents. ISBN 0-472-08260-4. accessdate= requires url= (help)
* ^Van Antwerp Nice, John (2007). "Bosnian Church: its place in command and society from the thirteenth to the fifteenth centuries: a new interpretation". Saqi in buzz with The Bosnian Set up. ISBN 0-86356-503-4. accessdate= requires url= (help)
* ^["unreliable source?"]
* ^ "A"B"C"Boulton, "The Knights of the Cap", p. 349.
* ^ "A"B"C"D"E"F"G"H"I"J"K"L"M"N"Rezachevici, "From the Order of the Dragon to Dracula."
* ^Boulton, "The Knights of the Cap", p. 349 n. 70.
* ^Gyrgy Fejr (ed.), "Codex diplomaticus Hungariae" X.4. No. CCCXVII. Buda, 1841. 682-94.
* ^ "A"B"Translated by Boulton, "The Knights of the Cap", p. 350.
* ^G. Fejr: Codex Diplomaticus Hungariae ecclesiasticus ac civilis, X/4, Budae, 1841, 317. Th. v. Bogyay: "Drachenorden", u: Lexikon des Mittelalters, Players 3, Varlag J.B. Metzer, Mnchen, 1986, 1346. B. Baranyai, Zsigmond kirly. n. Srkny-rendje, Szzadok LIX-LX, 1925-1926, 561-591, 681-719.
* ^John V.A. Nice, "The Overdue Medieval Balkans". p. 465 and 483.
* ^ "A"B"http://aeiou.iicm.tugraz.at/aeiou.encyclop.soundtrack.image.o/o874125a.jpg
Relate SOURCES[Orderly Source Orderly]
* Boulton, D'A.J.D. "The Knights of the Crown: The Monarchical Orders of Knighthood in Later Medieval Europe, 1325-1520". Boydell Beg, 2000. 348 ff.
* Nice, John V.A. "The Overdue Medieval Balkans: A Critical Consider from the Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Defeat", University of Michigan Beg, Ann Arbor, 1987.
* Florescu, Radu and Raymond McNally, "Dracula: Prince of Abundant Faces. His Cartoon and His Epoch". Boston: Undersized Brown, 1989. ISBN 0-316-28656-7
* Rezachevici, Constantin. "From the Order of the Dragon to Dracula. Evaluation of Dracula Studies" 1 (1999): pp 3-7. Transcriptions in online: (RTF-document), ("Barcelona-Esoterismo-Esoterisme-Magia").
Frontwards Equal
Extract SOURCES[Orderly Source Orderly]
* Statutes of the society, promulgated on 13 December 1408, ed. Gyrgy Fejr, "Codex diplomaticus Hungariae" X.4. No. CCCXVII. Buda, 1841. 682-94; earlier compilation by J.F Miller, "Monumenta diplomatica nunc primum ex autographis edita". In "Acta Literaria Musei Nationalis Hungarici" 1. Buda, 1818. 167-90.
* Sigismund's charters, ed. J.F. Bhmer, "Regesta Imperii XI: Die Urkunden Kaiser Sigismunds 1410/11-1437". 2 vols. Innsbruck, 1896-1900.
* "Documenta Romaniae Historica". Bucharest, 1977.
* "Calatori straini despre tarile romane". Bucharest, 1970.
* "Cronici turcesti privind tarile romana". Bucharest 1966.
Relate SOURCES[Orderly Source Orderly]
* Bogyay, Thomas von. "Drachenorden." In: "Lexikon des Mittelalters" 3. Munich, 1986. p. 1346.
* Devries, Dickie, Dougherty, Jestice, Jorgensen, and Pavkovic. "Battles of the Crusades 1097 - 1444". Barnes & Magnificent, 2007. pp 188-195
* Hupchick, D.P. and Cox, H.E. "The Palgrave Curt Elapsed Drawing of Eastern Europe". Palgrave Beg, 2001, Map 22.
* Kuzdrzal-Kicki, Wladyslaw. "Der Drachenorden: Genese, Grndung und Entartung. Dokumentation und Schlufolgerungen". Vol. 1. Munich, 1978.
* Lendvai, P. "The Hungarians" Princeton University Beg, 2003. pp 70-72.
* McNally, Raymond T. "In Examination of the Lesbian Vampire: Barbara von Cilli, Le Fanu's "Carmilla" and the Dragon Order. Evaluation of Dracula Studies" 3 (2001).
* Babe-in-arms, P.F. and Hanak, P. and Supervise, T. "A Derivation of Hungary". Indiana University Beg, 1994. pp 54-62.
* Timon, Akos. "Ungarische Verfassung- und Rechtsgeschichte". Berlin, 1904.
* Baslack, Andreas. "Abbildung und Beschreibung aller Ritterorden in Europa. Reprintauflage der Ausgabe von 1792". Holzminden, 1980 and 1999. ISBN 3-8262-1807-8. From the original: G. Eichler, "Abbildungen und Beschreibung aller hoher Geistlichen, Weltlichen und Frauenzimmer Ritter-Orden in Europa". Augsburg: Brgien, 1792.
* Wheatcroft, A. "The Opponent at the Entrance" Experimental Books, 2008. pp 4-6.
External Links
* Media alike to Order of the Dragon at Wikimedia Playground
* Regesta Imperii
* Inflated apex, Bayerisches Nationalmuseum, Sigismund.hu.
* Design of the badge, Sigismundus.hu.
/* */ source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order of the Dragon
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